It is broadly classified into Conventional energy  is in practice for long duration of time and well established t…

The plasma chambers suspend the silicon and the phosphorus or boron molecules in a gaseous state. This mixture is push…

In solid dielectrics, highly purified and free of imperfections, the breakdown strength is high, of the order of 10 MV/…

Almost no complete electrical insulation consists of one insulating phase. Usually more than one insulating material wi…

Since no insulant is completely free of ions, a leakage current will flow when an electric field is applied. The ions m…

Surface flashover Surface flashover is a breakdown of the medium in which the solid is immersed. The role of the soli…

(a) Removal of dust Small dust particles can become charged and cause local stresses which can initiate breakdown. Th…

When a difference of potential is applied to a pair of electrodes immersed in an insulating liquid, a small conduction …

Power systems equipment must withstand not only the rated voltage (Vm), which corresponds to the highest voltage of a p…

• The slow speed salient pole alternators are ventilated by the fan action of the salient poles which provide circulati…

Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators. They supply the electric power used b…

Fig. (3.6) shows the voltage build up in a series generator. Here R1, R2 etc. represent the total circuit resistance (l…

Voltage build up in a shunt generator depends upon field circuit resistance. If the field circuit resistance is R1 (lin…

The following are the three most important characteristics of a dc generator: 1. Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C.) …

As in the case of generators motors may also be required to operate in parallel driving a common load. The benefits as …

In the case of series operation the motors shafts of the two machines are connected to the same load and also the two a…

The negative charge of the electron is equal, but opposite to, the positive charge of the proton. These charges are ref…

A thermionic energy converter is a device consisting of two electrodes placed near one another in a vacuum. One electro…

Light is a form of energy and is considered by many scientists to consist of small particles of energy called photons. …

Some materials readily give up their electrons and others readily accept electrons. For example, when two dissimilar me…

By applying pressure to certain crystals (such as quartz or Rochelle salts) or certain ceramics (like barium titanate),…

A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by using the principle of magnetic indu…

Atoms with the proper number of electrons in orbit around them are in a neutral state, or have a "zero charge.&quo…

Chemicals can be combined with certain metals to cause a chemical reaction that will transfer electrons to produce elec…

Following are few methods of producing electricity. Electro chemistry Static (friction) Induction (magnetism) Piezo…

The density of the atoms in copper wire is such that the valence orbits of the individual atoms overlap, causing the el…

The basic unit of measure for potential difference is the volt (symbol V), and, because the volt unit is used, potentia…

For a basic introduction to sets, Boolean operations, Venn diagrams, truth tables, and Boolean applications, see Boolea…

Power engineering deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a r…

On September 11, 1940 George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in N…

In 1832, James Lindsay gave a classroom demonstration of wireless telegraphy to his students. By 1854 he was able to de…

The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke an…

Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In modern times, thi…

Electric energy is produced at electric power generating stations and transported over high-voltage transmission lines …

Circuit analysis refers to characterizing the current flowing through and voltage across every circuit element within a…

As a practicing engineer, you will work on projects that require a wide range of different engineers and engineering di…

Degradation of insulating materials due to Degradation in surface quality (pollution). Excessive temperature. Parti…

Short-circuits can be defined according to three main characteristics: – Their origin: They may be mechanical: breakdow…

In the motoring operation the d.c. machine is made to work from a d.c. source and absorb electrical power. This power i…

In the case of a hetero-polar generator the induced emf in a conductor goes through a cyclic change in voltage as it pa…

Homopolar generators Even though the magnetic poles occur in pairs, in a homopolar generator the conductors are arran…

D.C. machines are the electro mechanical energy converters which work from a d.c. Source and generate mechanical power …