Skip to main content

INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER IPFC

Recent developments of FACTS research have led to a new device: the Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC). This element consists of two (or more) series voltage source converter-based devices (SSSCs) installed in two (or more) lines and connected at their DC terminals. Thus, in addition to serially compensating the reactive power, each SSSC can provide real power to the common DC link from its own line. The IPFC gives them the possibility to solve the problem of controlling different transmission lines at a determined substation. In fact, the under-utilized lines make available a surplus power which can be used by other lines for real power control. This capability makes it possible to equalize both real and reactive power flow between the lines, to transfer power demand from overloaded to underloaded lines, to compensate against resistive line voltage drops and the corresponding reactive line power, and to increase the effectiveness of a compensating system for dynamic disturbances (transient stability and power oscillation damping). Therefore, the IPFC provides a highly effective scheme for power transmission at a multi-line substation. The IPFC is a multi-line FACTS device.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of IPFC

An Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) consists of a set of converters that are connected in series with different transmission lines. The schematic diagram of IPFC is illustrated in Figure.1. In addition to these series converters, it may also include a shunt converter which is connected between a transmission line and the ground. The converters are connected through a common DC link to exchange active power. Each series converter can provide independent reactive compensation of own transmission line. If a shunt converter is involved in the system, the series converters can also provide independent active compensation; otherwise not all the series converters can provide independent active compensation for their own line. Compared to the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), the IPFC provides a relatively economical solution for multiple transmission line power flow control, since only one shunt converter is involved. The IPFC also gains more control capability than the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), which is like the IPFC but without a common DC link, because of the active compensation. From a probabilistic point of view, the performance of the IPFC will be better when more series converter is involved in the IPFC system. However, because the converters are connected through the common DC link, the converters should be physically close to each other. The common DC link will become a location constraint for the IPFC and limit its commercial application in the future network. Therefore, a method that can eradicate the IPFC common DC link and provide the active power exchange between converters will be interesting.
Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

PRIMARY SECONDARY AND TERTIARY FREQUENCY CONTROL IN POWER SYSTEMS

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Frequency Control in Power Systems Author: Engr. Aneel Kumar Keywords: frequency control, primary frequency control, automatic generation control (AGC), tertiary control, load-frequency control, grid stability. Frequency control keeps the power grid stable by balancing generation and load. When generation and demand drift apart, system frequency moves away from its nominal value (50 or 60 Hz). Grids rely on three hierarchical control layers — Primary , Secondary (AGC), and Tertiary — to arrest frequency deviation, restore the set-point and optimize generation dispatch. Related: Power System Stability — causes & mitigation Overview of primary, secondary and tertiary frequency control in power systems. ⚡ Primary Frequency Control (Droop Control) Primary control is a fast, local response implemented by generator governors (dro...
2 comments
Read more

EQUIPMENT OF STEAM POWER STATION

A modern steam power station is highly complex and has numerous equipment and auxiliaries. However, the most important constituents of a steam power station are: 1. Steam generating equipment 2. Condenser 3. Prime mover 4. Water treatment plant 5. Electrical equipment. 1. STEAM GENERATING EQUIPMENT: This is an important part of steam power station. It is concerned with the generation of superheated steam and includes such items as boiler, boiler furnace, super heater, economizer, air pre-heater and other heat reclaiming devices. (I) BOILER : A boiler is closed vessel in which water is converted into steam by utilizing the heat of coal combustion. Steam boilers are broadly classified into the following two types: (a) Water tube boilers (b) Fire tube boilers In a water tube boiler, water flows through the tubes and the hot gases of combustion flow over these tubes. On the other hand, in a fire tube boiler, the hot products of combustion pass through the tubes surrounded by water. Wate...
Read more

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A TWO AXIS SALIENT POLE GENERATOR

Following phasor is phsor diagram of a two-axis salient pole generator . The following points apply to the drawing of phasor diagrams of generators and motors:- • The terminal voltage V is the reference phasor and is drawn horizontally. • The emf E lies along the pole axis of the rotor. • The current in the stator can be resolved into two components, its direct component along the ‘direct or d-axis’ and its quadrature component along the ‘quadrature or q-axis’. The emf E leads the voltage V in an anti-clockwise direction when the machine is a generator. Each reactance and resistance in the machine has a volt drop associated with it due to the stator current flowing through it. Consider a generator. The following currents and voltages can be shown in a phasor diagram for both the steady and the dynamic states. E                      the emf produced by the field current If . V    ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Advantages of Per Unit System in Power System Analysis | Electrical Engineering

  Advantages of Per Unit System in Power System Analysis In electrical power engineering, the per unit (p.u.) system is one of the most widely used techniques for analyzing and modeling power systems. It is a method of expressing electrical quantities — such as voltage, current, power, and impedance — as fractions of chosen base values rather than their actual numerical magnitudes. This normalization technique provides a universal language for system calculations, minimizing errors, simplifying transformer modeling, and enabling consistency across multiple voltage levels. Because of these benefits, the per unit system is essential in fault analysis, load flow studies, transformer testing, and short-circuit calculations . ⚡ What is the Per Unit System? The per unit system is defined as: Q u a n t i t y ( p u ) = A c t u a l   V a l u e B a s e   V a l u e Quantity_{(pu)} = \dfrac{Actual \ Value}{Base \ Value} Q u an t i t y ( p u ) ​ = B a se   ...
6 comments
Read more

ELECTRIC MOTOR PRINCIPLES

The electric motor in its simplest terms is a converter of electrical energy to useful mechanical energy. The electric motor has played a leading role in the high productivity of modern industry, and it is therefore directly responsible for the high standard of living being enjoyed throughout the industrialized world. An electric motor’s principle of operation is based on the fact that a current- carrying conductor, when placed in a magnetic field, will have a force exerted on the conductor proportional to the current flowing in the conductor and to the strength of the magnetic field. In alternating current motors, the windings placed in the laminated stator core produce the magnetic field. The aluminum bars in the laminated rotor core are the current carrying conductors upon which the force acts. The resultant action is the rotary motion of the rotor and shaft, which can then be coupled to various devices to be driven and produce the output. Many types of motors are produced today. Un...
Post a Comment
Read more

DC GENERATORS

Principle: An electrical generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The energy conversion is based on the principle of the production of dynamically induced emf, where a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced emf is produced in it according to Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic Induction. This emf causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed. Hence, two basic essential parts of an electrical generator are (i) a magnetic field and (ii) a conductor or conductors which can so move as to cut the flux. The following figure shows a single-turn rectangular copper coil rotating about its own axis in a magnetic field provided by either permanent magnets or electromagnets. The two ends of the coil are joined to two slip-rings ‘a’ and ‘b’ which are insulated from each other and from the central shaft. Two collecting brushes (of carbon or copper) press against the slip-rings. Their function is to collect the current induced in the coi...
Post a Comment
Read more

DISTRIBUTION STATCOM D-STATCOM

The D-STATCOM is basically one of the custom power devices. It is nothing but a STATCOM but used at the Distribution level. The D-STATCOM is a voltage or current source inverter based custom power device connected in shunt with the power system. It is connected near the load at the distribution systems. The key component of the D-STATCOM is a power VSC that is based on high power electronics technologies. Basically, the D-STATCOM system is comprised of three main parts: a VSC, a set of coupling reactors and a controller. The basic principle of a D-STATCOM installed in a power system is the generation of a controllable ac voltage source by a voltage source converter (VSC) connected to a dc capacitor (energy storage device). The ac voltage source, in general, appears behind a transformer leakage reactance. The active and reactive power transfer between the power system and the D-STATCOM is caused by the voltage difference across this reactance. The D-STATCOM is connected in shunt w...
1 comment
Read more