FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

The age during which convenient and abundant fossil energy resources were available to build new technologies and to support a sustained energy world transition is short.Renewable energy and methodologies have a clear role in future energy policy. Governments decided to develop aggressive long term actions that can accelerate the widespread applications of renewable energy and to get on a firm path toward a worldwide “renewable energy transition”; according to this policy 20% of world electricity production should come from renewable energy sources within 2020. Renewable energies are potential resources to provide society with efficient and environmental friendly energy. Renewable technologies clearly reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emission and, in addition, improve the security of energy by diversifying and decentralizing energy supply, reducing the dependence to fossil fuel sources. Besides, renewable energy technologies form a dynamic sector which provides economic growth and jobs for our economies.

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PRIMARY SECONDARY AND TERTIARY FREQUENCY CONTROL IN POWER SYSTEMS

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Frequency Control in Power Systems Author: Engr. Aneel Kumar Keywords: frequency control, primary frequency control, automatic generation control (AGC), tertiary control, load-frequency control, grid stability. Frequency control keeps the power grid stable by balancing generation and load. When generation and demand drift apart, system frequency moves away from its nominal value (50 or 60 Hz). Grids rely on three hierarchical control layers — Primary , Secondary (AGC), and Tertiary — to arrest frequency deviation, restore the set-point and optimize generation dispatch. Related: Power System Stability — causes & mitigation Overview of primary, secondary and tertiary frequency control in power systems. ⚡ Primary Frequency Control (Droop Control) Primary control is a fast, local response implemented by generator governors (dro...

CASCADED TRANSFORMERS METHOD FOR GENERATING AC HIGH VOLTAGE

High-Frequency AC High Voltage Generation Using Cascaded Transformers Author: Engr. Aneel Kumar Figure 1: Infographic representation of cascaded transformers method for generating high AC voltages. Introduction In high voltage engineering , generating very high alternating current (AC) voltages is essential for testing equipment like insulators, circuit breakers, power cables, and other apparatus. One common and effective method for producing such voltages is the cascaded transformers method . This technique uses a series connection of specially designed test transformers , where the secondary of one transformer feeds the primary of the next. In this way, voltages are built up step by step, achieving levels in the range of hundreds of kilovolts (kV) or even megavolts (MV). Working Principle The principle of cascaded connection relies on the fact that each...

Advantages of Per Unit System in Power System Analysis | Electrical Engineering

Advantages of Per Unit System in Power System Analysis In electrical power engineering, the per unit (p.u.) system is one of the most widely used techniques for analyzing and modeling power systems. It is a method of expressing electrical quantities — such as voltage, current, power, and impedance — as fractions of chosen base values rather than their actual numerical magnitudes. This normalization technique provides a universal language for system calculations, minimizing errors, simplifying transformer modeling, and enabling consistency across multiple voltage levels. Because of these benefits, the per unit system is essential in fault analysis, load flow studies, transformer testing, and short-circuit calculations . ⚡ What is the Per Unit System? The per unit system is defined as: Q u a n t i t y ( p u ) = A c t u a l V a l u e B a s e V a l u e Quantity_{(pu)} = \dfrac{Actual \ Value}{Base \ Value} Q u an t i t y ( p u ) = B a se ...

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CORONA EFFECT IN TRANSMISSION LINES | ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE

Advantages and Disadvantages of Corona Effect in Power Systems In high-voltage overhead transmission lines , the corona effect plays a critical role in system performance. Corona occurs when the air around a conductor becomes ionized due to high electric stress. While often seen as a drawback because of power losses and interference , it also provides certain engineering benefits . This article explains the advantages and disadvantages of corona effect in detail, with examples relevant to modern electrical power systems. ✅ Advantages of Corona Effect Increase in Virtual Conductor Diameter Due to corona formation, the surrounding air becomes partially conductive, increasing the virtual diameter of the conductor. This reduces electrostatic stress between conductors and minimizes insulation breakdown risks. Related Reading: Electrostatic Fields in High Voltage Engineering Reduction of Transient Surges Corona acts like a natural cushion for sudden ...

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER UPFC

UPFC consist of two back to back converters named VSC1 and VSC2, are operated from a DC link provided by a dc storage capacitor. These arrangements operate as an ideal ac to ac converter in which the real power can freely flow either in direction between the ac terminals of the two converts and each converter can independently generate or absorb reactive power as its own ac output terminal. Figure: Basic UPFC scheme One VSC is connected to in shunt to the transmission line via a shunt transformer and other one is connected in series through a series transformer. The DC terminal of two VSCs is coupled and this creates a path for active power exchange between the converters. VSC provide the main function of UPFC by injecting a voltage with controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line via an injection transformer. This injected voltage act as a synchronous ac voltage source. The transmission line current flows through this voltage source resulting in reactive an...

REVERSING DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR

The direction of rotation of a universal motor can be changed by either: (i) Reversing the field connection with respect to those of armature; or (ii) By using two field windings wound on the core in opposite directions so that the one connected in series with armature gives clockwise rotation, while the other in series with the armature gives counterclockwise rotation. The second method, i.e, the two field method is used in applications such as motor operated rheostats and servo systems. This method has somewhat simpler connections than the first method. For simple applications like portable drills etc. manual switches are frequently used for reversing the direction of rotation of the motor. Figure 1 (a and b) shows how a DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw) switch and a three position switch may be used for reversing the direction of rotation of single field and double field type of motors respectively. Figure 1 Reversing of a universal motor (a) Armature re...

AC Transmission Line and Reactive Power Compensation: A Detailed Overview

Introduction The efficient operation of modern power systems depends significantly on the management of AC transmission lines and reactive power. Reactive power compensation is a vital technique for maintaining voltage stability, improving power transfer capability, and reducing system losses. This article explores the principles of AC transmission lines, the need for reactive power compensation, and its benefits in power systems. Keywords: Reactive Power Compensation Benefits, STATCOM vs SVC Efficiency, Power Transmission Stability Solutions, Voltage Stability in Long-Distance Grids, Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation. Fundamentals of AC Transmission Lines AC transmission lines are the backbone of modern power systems, connecting generation stations to distribution networks. They have distributed electrical parameters such as resistance ( R R R ), inductance ( L L ), capacitance ( C C ), and conductance ( G G ) along their length. These parameters influence ...

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