Engine-generator sets are available for power levels ranging from less than 1 kVA to several thousand kVA or more. Machines also can be paralleled to provide greater capacity. Engine-generator sets typically are classified by the type of power plant used:
• Diesel:
• Diesel:
Advantages: rugged and dependable, low fuel costs, low fire or explosion hazard.
Disadvantages: somewhat more costly than other engines, heavier in smaller sizes.
• Natural and liquefied petroleum gas:
• Natural and liquefied petroleum gas:
Advantages: quick starting after long shutdown periods, long life, low maintenance.
Disadvantage: availability of natural gas during area wide power failure subject to question.
• Gasoline:
• Gasoline:
Advantages: rapid starting, low initial cost.
Disadvantages: greater hazard associated with storing and handling gasoline, generally shorter mean time between overhaul.
• Gas turbine:
• Gas turbine:
Advantages: smaller and lighter than piston engines of comparable horsepower, rooftop installations practical, rapid response to load changes.
Disadvantages: longer time required to start and reach operating speed, sensitive to high input air temperature.
The type of power plant chosen usually is determined primarily by the environment in which the system will be operated and by the cost of ownership. For example, a standby generator located in an urban area office complex may be best suited to the use of an engine powered by natural gas, because of the problems inherent in storing large amounts of fuel. State or local building codes can place expensive restrictions on fuel-storage tanks and make the use of a gasoline- or diesel-powered engine impractical. The use of propane usually is restricted to rural areas. The availability of propane during periods of bad weather (when most power failures occur) also must be considered.
The generator rating for a standby power system should be chosen carefully and should take into consideration the anticipated future growth of the plant. It is good practice to install a standby power system rated for at least 25% greater outputs than the current peak facility load. This headroom gives a margin of safety for the standby equipment and allows for future expansion of the facility without over loading the system.
An engine-driven standby generator typically incorporates automatic starting controls, a battery charger, and automatic transfer switch. (Refer Figure) Control circuits monitor the utility supply and start the engine when there is a failure or a sustained voltage drop on the ac supply. The switch transfers the load as soon as the generator reaches operating voltage and frequency. Upon restoration of the utility supply, the switch returns the load and initiates engine shutdown. The automatic transfer switch must meet demanding requirements, including:
• Carrying the full rated current continuously
• Withstanding fault currents without contact separation
• Handling high inrush currents
• Withstanding many interruptions at full load without damage
The nature of most power outages requires a sophisticated monitoring system for the engine-generator set. Most power failures occur during periods of bad weather. Most standby generators are unattended. More often than not, the standby system will start, run, and shut down without any human intervention or supervision. For reliable operation, the monitoring system must check the status of the machine continually to ensure that all parameters are within normal limits. Time-delay periods usually are provided by the controller that requires an outage to last from 5 to 10 s before the generator is started and the load is transferred. This prevents false starts that needlessly exercise the system. A time delay of 5 to 30 min usually is allowed between the restoration of utility power and return of the load. This delay permits the utility ac lines to stabilize before the load is reapplied.
The type of power plant chosen usually is determined primarily by the environment in which the system will be operated and by the cost of ownership. For example, a standby generator located in an urban area office complex may be best suited to the use of an engine powered by natural gas, because of the problems inherent in storing large amounts of fuel. State or local building codes can place expensive restrictions on fuel-storage tanks and make the use of a gasoline- or diesel-powered engine impractical. The use of propane usually is restricted to rural areas. The availability of propane during periods of bad weather (when most power failures occur) also must be considered.
The generator rating for a standby power system should be chosen carefully and should take into consideration the anticipated future growth of the plant. It is good practice to install a standby power system rated for at least 25% greater outputs than the current peak facility load. This headroom gives a margin of safety for the standby equipment and allows for future expansion of the facility without over loading the system.
An engine-driven standby generator typically incorporates automatic starting controls, a battery charger, and automatic transfer switch. (Refer Figure) Control circuits monitor the utility supply and start the engine when there is a failure or a sustained voltage drop on the ac supply. The switch transfers the load as soon as the generator reaches operating voltage and frequency. Upon restoration of the utility supply, the switch returns the load and initiates engine shutdown. The automatic transfer switch must meet demanding requirements, including:
• Carrying the full rated current continuously
• Withstanding fault currents without contact separation
• Handling high inrush currents
• Withstanding many interruptions at full load without damage
The nature of most power outages requires a sophisticated monitoring system for the engine-generator set. Most power failures occur during periods of bad weather. Most standby generators are unattended. More often than not, the standby system will start, run, and shut down without any human intervention or supervision. For reliable operation, the monitoring system must check the status of the machine continually to ensure that all parameters are within normal limits. Time-delay periods usually are provided by the controller that requires an outage to last from 5 to 10 s before the generator is started and the load is transferred. This prevents false starts that needlessly exercise the system. A time delay of 5 to 30 min usually is allowed between the restoration of utility power and return of the load. This delay permits the utility ac lines to stabilize before the load is reapplied.
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| Figure: Typical configuration of an engine-generator set. |
The transfer of motor loads may require special consideration, depending upon the size and type of motors used at a plant. If the residual voltage of the motor is out of phase with the power source to which the motor is being transferred, serious damage can result to the motor. Excessive current draw also may trip over current protective devices. Motors above 50 hp with relatively high load inertia in relation to torque requirements, such as flywheels and fans, may require special controls. Restart time delays are a common solution.
Automatic starting and synchronizing controls are used for multiple-engine-generator installations. The output of two or three smaller units can be combined to feed the load. This capability offers additional protection for the facility in the event of a failure in any one machine. As the load at the facility increases, additional engine-generator systems can be installed on the standby power bus.
Automatic starting and synchronizing controls are used for multiple-engine-generator installations. The output of two or three smaller units can be combined to feed the load. This capability offers additional protection for the facility in the event of a failure in any one machine. As the load at the facility increases, additional engine-generator systems can be installed on the standby power bus.
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