Service factor is the factor that, when applied to rated output, represents the allowable load that can be applied to motor continuously, under specified operating conditions. Note that this refers to continuous overload conditions, i.e., a power reserve that gives the motor a better capacity to withstand adverse operating conditions. Service factor should not be confused with momentary overload capacity during few minutes. A service factor = 1.0 means that the motor has not been designed for continuous operation above its rated output. However, this does not change its capacity to withstand instantaneous overloads. NBR 17094 specifies the most common Service Factors per motor output.
Figure shows diagrammatically auto-transformer tap changing. Here, a mid-tapped auto-transformer or reactor is used. One of the lines is connected to its mid-tapping. One end, say a of this transformer is connected to a series of switches across the odd tappings and the other end b is connected to switches across even tappings. A short-circuiting switch S is connected across the auto-transformer and remains in the closed position under normal operation. In the normal operation, there is no inductive voltage drop across the auto-transformer. Referring to Figure, it is clear that with switch 5 closed, minimum secondary turns are in the circuit and hence the output voltage will be the lowest. On the other hand, the output voltage will be maximum when switch 1 is closed. Suppose now it is desired to alter the tapping point from position 5 to position 4 in order to raise the output voltage. For this purpose, short-circuiting switch S is opened, switch 4 is closed, then switch 5 is op...
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