VOLTAGE STABILITY AND UNDERVOLTAGE LOAD SHEDDING

Voltage stability is defined by the System Dynamic Performance Subcommittee of the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee as being the ability of a system to maintain voltage such that when load admittance is increased, load power will increase, and so that both power and voltage are controllable. Also, voltage collapse is defined as being the process by which voltage instability leads to a very low voltage profile in a significant part of the system. It is accepted that this instability is caused by the load characteristics, as opposed to the angular instability that is caused by the rotor dynamics of generators.

The risk of voltage instability increases as the transmission system becomes more heavily loaded. The typical scenario of these instabilities starts with a high system loading, followed by a relay action due to either a fault, a line overload, or hitting an excitation limit.

Voltage instability can be alleviated by a combination of the following remedial measures: adding reactive compensation near load centers, strengthening the transmission lines, varying the operating conditions such as voltage profile and generation dispatch, coordinating relays and controls, and load shedding. Most utilities rely on planning and operation studies to guard against voltage instability. Many utilities utilize localized voltage measurements in order to achieve load shedding as a measure against incipient voltage instability. The efficiency of the load shedding depends on the selected voltage thresholds, locations of pilot points in which the voltages are monitored, locations and sizes of the blocks of load to be shed, as well as the operating conditions that may activate the shedding. The wide variety of conditions that may lead to voltage instability suggests that the most accurate decisions should imply the adaptive relay settings, but such applications are still in the stage of early development.

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PRIMARY SECONDARY AND TERTIARY FREQUENCY CONTROL IN POWER SYSTEMS

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