Since no insulant is completely free of ions, a leakage current will flow when an electric field is applied. The ions may arise from dissociation of impurities or from slight ionisations of the insulating material itself. When these ions reach the electrodes, reactions occur in accordance with Faraday's law of electrolysis, but on a much smaller scale. The insulation and the electrode metal may be attacked, gas may be evolved or substance may be deposited on the electrodes. The products of the electrode reaction may be chemically or electrically harmful and in some cases can lead to rapid failure of the insulation. The reactions are much slower than in normal electrolytic processes due to the much smaller currents. The products of the reactions may be electrically and chemically harmful because the insulation and electrodes may be attacked, and because harmful gases may be evolved.
Typically a 1 F paper capacitor operating at 1 kV at room temperature would require 2 to 3 years to generate 1 cm3 hydrogen. At elevated temperatures, the products of electrolysis would be formed much more rapidly. Also since impurities give rise to an increase in the ion concentration, care must be taken to prevent contamination during manufacture.
The rate of electrolysis is much greater with direct stress than with alternating stress. This is due to the fact that the reactions may be wholly or partially reversed when the polarity changes and the extent of reaction depends on the reaction rate and the time for diffusion of the reaction products away from the electrodes as well as on the nature of the reaction products. However at power frequency, electrochemical effects can be serious and are often responsible for long-term failure of insulation. The most frequent source of ions is ionizable impurities in the insulation. Thus contamination of insulation during manufacture and during assembly into equipment must be avoided with great care.
Also, contamination in polar insulating materials should be avoided with still greater care because of the greater degree of dissociation of ionic substance in solution.
The long term lives of capacitors containing chlorinated impregnants under direct stress may be greatly extended by adding small quantities of certain stabilizers, which are hydrogen acceptors and act as depolarizers at the cathode.
Hydrogen ions discharged at the cathode readily react with the stabilizer rather than with the impregnant, a more difficult chemical process. In the absence of the stabilizer, the hydrogen reacts with the chlorine of the impregnant to produce hydrochloric acid, and rapid deterioration occurs due to attack of the acid on the electrodes and cellulose. The extension of the life caused by the stabilizers is proportional to the amount of stabilizer added. For example, with 2% of the stabilizer Azobenzene, mean life may be extended 50 times.
Typically a 1 F paper capacitor operating at 1 kV at room temperature would require 2 to 3 years to generate 1 cm3 hydrogen. At elevated temperatures, the products of electrolysis would be formed much more rapidly. Also since impurities give rise to an increase in the ion concentration, care must be taken to prevent contamination during manufacture.
The rate of electrolysis is much greater with direct stress than with alternating stress. This is due to the fact that the reactions may be wholly or partially reversed when the polarity changes and the extent of reaction depends on the reaction rate and the time for diffusion of the reaction products away from the electrodes as well as on the nature of the reaction products. However at power frequency, electrochemical effects can be serious and are often responsible for long-term failure of insulation. The most frequent source of ions is ionizable impurities in the insulation. Thus contamination of insulation during manufacture and during assembly into equipment must be avoided with great care.
Also, contamination in polar insulating materials should be avoided with still greater care because of the greater degree of dissociation of ionic substance in solution.
The long term lives of capacitors containing chlorinated impregnants under direct stress may be greatly extended by adding small quantities of certain stabilizers, which are hydrogen acceptors and act as depolarizers at the cathode.
Hydrogen ions discharged at the cathode readily react with the stabilizer rather than with the impregnant, a more difficult chemical process. In the absence of the stabilizer, the hydrogen reacts with the chlorine of the impregnant to produce hydrochloric acid, and rapid deterioration occurs due to attack of the acid on the electrodes and cellulose. The extension of the life caused by the stabilizers is proportional to the amount of stabilizer added. For example, with 2% of the stabilizer Azobenzene, mean life may be extended 50 times.
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